[192][193] Female pygmy blue whales are 68.9–71.2 ft (21.0–21.7 m) in length[21] and roughly 10 years old at age of sexual maturity. [298] The best abundance estimate for Antarctic blue whales is 2,280 individuals (CV=0.36) based on the International Whaling Commission International Decade of Cetacean Research and the Southern Ocean Whale Ecosystem Research (SOWER) annual summer surveys from 1991/92 through 2003/04, which covered 99.7% of the area between the pack ice and 60° S.[299] The population is estimated to be increasing, at a rate of 7.3% per year (95% CI=1.4–11.6%) but the most recent abundance estimate is less than 1% of pre-exploitation levels,[298] although if population growth has continued at 7.3% per year, there may now be as many as 10,000 individuals. [6][7][8], Additional distinguishing features of the blue whale include a broad, flat head, which appears U-shaped from above; 270–395 entirely black baleen plates on each side of their upper jaw; 60–88 expandable throat pleats; long, slender flippers; a small (up to 13 inches (33 cm)) falcate dorsal fin positioned far back toward the tail; a thick tail stock; and a massive, slender fluke. [86][145], Pygmy subspecies (B. m. brevicauda) – Eastern Australia/New Zealand population: Data from strandings, sightings, and acoustic detections suggest that this population is present in New Zealand waters nearly year-round. [390] Although for some populations there is not enough information on current abundance trends (e.g., Pygmy blue whales), others are critically endangered (e.g., Antarctic blue whales). [218] Blue-fin hybrids have also been detected from genetic analysis of whale meat samples taken from Japanese markets.[219]. [53][157], Data from individual satellite tagged Eastern North Pacific blue whales suggest leisurely traveling rates of 4 knots, or 4.6 mph (7.41 km/h),[158] with a minimum average speed of 1.55 ± 1.68 mph (2.49 ± 2.7 km/h). [223] Southall et al. Blue whales’ diet consists primarily of krill, a small shrimp-like crustacean. The Minister of Fisheries and Oceans is a “competent minister” for aquatic species under the Species at Risk Act (SARA). Furthermore, a moratorium on harvesting forage species, such as krill, has been put in place by Fisheries and Oceans Canada, to protect food supplies of species at risk such as the blue whale. Stewardship initiatives are ongoing through partner organizations with the support of the Species at Risk Habitat Stewardship Program. Kato et al. [179] Their theoretical aerobic dive limit was estimated at 31.2 min,[181] however, the longest dive duration measured was 15.2 minutes. Lawrence. [128] In the Western North Atlantic, blue whales migrate to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the summer to feed, but some may remain year-round. [80][90] Like the Madagascar population, this population's distribution remains north of 52°S. [102][103] In Australia, blue whales and pygmy blue whales can be seen from March through May in the Perth Canyon,[104] and in Bass Strait between Victoria and Tasmania from November to May. Northwest Atlantic blue whales are generally found in waters off eastern Canada: in the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence, off the coasts of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, and in the Davis Strait. Northern subspecies (B. m. musculus) – Eastern North Pacific population: This population migrates annually to the U.S. West Coast in the summer and fall to feed. In the southwest Indian Ocean, one pygmy blue whale acoustic population is defined by the ‘SWIO’ or ‘Madagascar’ song-type (Fig. Roughly 15,000 blue whales may have inhabited the North Atlantic before whaling began. Lawrence Marine Park in Canada. [18] Female blue whales are larger than males. Their reappearance off of Africa may be due to global warming. The International Whaling Commission banned all hunting of blue whales in 1966 and gave them worldwide protection. [243] The blue whale call recorded off Madagascar, a two‐unit phrase,[244] starts with 5–7 pulses with a center frequency of 35.1 ± 0.7 Hz and duration of 4.4 ± 0.5 s followed by a 35 ± 0 Hz tone lasting 10.9 ± 1.1 s.[243] In the Southern Ocean, blue whales calls last roughly 18 seconds and consist of a 9-s-long, 27 Hz tone, followed by a 1-s downsweep to 19 Hz, and another downsweep to 18 Hz. [236] The correlation between song types and genetic subdivisions is unknown, but song types are currently used as the primary method of separating blue whale populations because they are stable in shape over multiple decades for each region. Blue whales are therefore reg… The global blue whale population is estimated to be 10,000–25,000, roughly 3–11% of the population size estimated in 1911. A recovery strategy has been developed for this species with the long term goal of reaching a population of at least 1,000 mature blue whales. [99] Models from a number of surveys in 2014 from a small area 150 km east–west and 50 km north–south just south of Sri Lanka suggest an abundance estimate of 270 blue whales (CV=0.09, 95%, CI=226–322). Some of these blue whale subspecies have been further divided by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Marine Fisheries Service, resulting in at least nine recognized management units,[44] based largely on unique song types.[46]. [258][259][260][261][262][263] The most recent analysis estimates that the Balaenopteridae family diverged from other families in the late Miocene, between 10.48 and 4.98 million years ago. Because blue whales are classed as a "Protection Stock" by the International Whaling Commission, trading their meat is illegal, and the kill is an infraction that must be reported. The blue whale has also been listed as endangered animals. Blue Whale (Atlantic population) Rorqual bleu (Population de l’Atlantique) Jurisdictions: Atlantic Ocean : Current COSEWIC Assessment: Status category: XT E T SC : Date of last assessment: May 2002 : Reason for designation at last assessment: Whaling reduced the original population. Credit... Blue Planet Archive, via Alamy. [47] One of the first published descriptions of a blue whale comes from Robert Sibbald's Phalainologia Nova,[249] after Sibbald found a stranded whale in the estuary of the Firth of Forth in 1692. The blue whale is a rorqual whale—one of a group that has expanding grooves in the skin of the neck; these allow it to engulf huge volumes of water while feeding on krill. After seeing two Blue Whales on the June 2010 BBC trip to the continental shelf edge, I think your chances are still slim, but better than none. Blue whale. But after whale hunting started in the 1960s, their numbers dwindled heavily. [254][255], Blue whales are rorquals, in the family Balaenopteridae[256] whose extant members include the fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus), sei whale (Balaenoptera borealis), Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera brydei), Eden's whale (Balaenoptera edeni), common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis), Omura's whale (Balaenoptera omurai), and humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae). [215] Two live blue-fin whale hybrids have since been documented in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada and in the Azores (Portugal). [226][227] Blue whale inner ears appear well adapted for detecting low-frequency sounds. [281] The Soviet Union continued to illegally hunt blue whales in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere through to 1973,[91][282][283][284] and Spanish vessels caught occasional blue whales up until 1978. [147] They have also been detected as far south as 52°S in summer[94] and in the Tasman Sea and Lau Basin near Tonga in winter,[96] and likely range farther afield in the south-western Pacific. Report to the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC). [310][387] The International Union for Conservation of Nature[388] has listed blue whales as endangered. Whale Release and Strandings encourages fish harvesters in Newfoundland and Labrador to report blue whale sightings, and educates school children and the general public about blue whales through school presentations and a variety of community events. They usually migrate south for the winter, but some whales may remain at our latitudes all year long. Eastern North Pacific blue whale males average 88.5 tons (177,000 lb) and females 100 tons (200,000 lb). Their more recent divergence has resulted the subspecies to have a relatively low genetic diversity,[265] and New Zealand blue whales have even lower genetic diversity. And they’re massive; the blue whale can weigh as much as 200 tons, making it the largest animal on the planet. The International Whaling Commission catch database estimates that 382,595 blue whales were caught between 1868 and 1978, including 7,973 in the North Pacific (2.09%), 10,442 in the North Atlantic (2.73%), 5,383 in the South Pacific (1.41%), and in the Southern Ocean, 13,022 pygmy blue whales (3.40%) and 345,775 Antarcticblue whale… [198] The blue whale call recorded off Sri Lanka is a three‐unit phrase. [105] In New Zealand, blue whales and pygmy blue whales may be seen in Kaikōura on the South Island between July and August.[106]. Blue whales, though more plentiful in the Southern Hemisphere, can actually be found in all oceans of the world. In 1984, a female hybrid between a fin and a blue whale was caught by whalers off northwestern Spain. [23] The largest heart weight measured from a stranded North Atlantic blue whale was 0.1985 tons (397 lb), the largest known in any animal.[24]. [11][12] The blue whale's two blowholes (the analogue of human nostrils) create a tall, columnar spray, which can be seen 30–40 ft (9–12 m) above the water's surface. Credit: Adapted from Sears, R. and J. Calambokidis. Smart News Keeping you current Scientists Eavesdrop on New Population of Blue Whales Singing in the Indian Ocean Scientists have identified a previously unknown blue whale … Pygmy blue whale males average 83.5 (167,000 lb) and 99 tons (198,000 lb). They include the stalked barnacle Conchoderma auritum and acorn barnacle Coronula reginae, the former of which often attaches to the latter or to the baleen plates; the pseudo-stalked barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis; the whale louse Cyamus balaenopterae; and the ciliate Haematophagus, which is very common in the baleen plates. [107][108][109] Migration may function to reduce parasitism, pathogens, and competition,[110][111] provide greater access to prey in the spring and summer, reduce calf predation from orcas, and optimize thermoregulation for growth in the winter. They have found that four of the six baleen whale species found in the western North Atlantic Ocean—humpback, sei, fin and blue whales—have changed their distribution patterns in … Reaching a maximum confirmed length of 29.9 meters (98 feet) and weight of 173 tonnes (190 tons), it is the largest animal known to have ever existed. [301] estimated 671 (279–1613) pygmy blue whales from a line-transect survey of a small area off the southern coast of Australia. I used to think that the chances of seeing Blue Whale off the coast of New England were slim to none. [15][189], Female blue whales give birth every two to three years, depending on body condition and lactation period. [20], The average length of sexually mature female blue whales is 72.1 ft (22.1 m) for Eastern North Pacific blue whales, 79 ft (24.1 m) for central and western North Pacific blue whales, 92 ft (28.1 m) for North Atlantic blue whales, 83.4–86.3 ft (25.4–26.6 m) for Antarctic blue whales, 77.1 ft (23.5 m) for Chilean blue whales, and 69.9 ft (21.3 m) for pygmy blue whales. Evidence suggesting that blue whales off the Chilean coast are a separate subspecies includes discrete geographic separation (latitudinally from Antarctic blue whales and longitudinally from pygmy blue whales), a difference in the mean length of mature females,[21][22] significant genetic differentiation,[21][154][270][276] and unique song types. Worlds largest animal is the blue whale. [172][176][179] Blue whales have been recorded making 180° rolls during lunge-feeding, allowing them to engulf krill patches while inverted; and they rolled while searching for prey between lunges, which has been hypothesized as allowing them to visually process the prey field to find the densest prey patches. [92], Pygmy subspecies (B. m. brevicauda) – Western Australia/Indonesia population: This population feeds in Perth Canyon off Western Australia[87] and between the Great Australian Bight and Bass Strait off South Australia and Victoria[85][146] in the summer before migrating to waters off Indonesia to breed in the winter. However, the Soviet Union continued illegal whaling into the 1970s,[99][282] and the last catch was taken by a Spanish expedition in 1978. [15][59][101][188][189] Another method for determining age at sexual maturity, involves measurements of testosterone from the baleen of male blue whales. Since the end of commercial whaling, blue whales remain threatened by human activity. They are also listed on Appendix I under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora[389] and the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. [214] In 1986, a 70 ft (21.3 m) pregnant female whale was caught. The northern subspecies, B. m. musculus [47] is found in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, although given the geographic separation and genetic differences, populations in these two regions are unlikely to be closely linked. It was hunted almost to the point of extinction by whaling until the International Whaling Commission banned all hunting of blue whales in 1967. It was previously thought that blue whales in the North Pacific belonged to at least five separate populations;[206] however, evidence from movement data derived from satellite tags,[52][266] photograph-identification,[7] and acoustic data[56][60][77] supports two populations in the North Pacific—the Eastern and Central and Western North Pacific populations, with divisions according to acoustic calls being estimated by Monnahan et al.[267]. The fundamental frequency for blue whale vocalizations ranges from 8 to 25 Hz. To celebrate the wonder of whales, learn how our … There are not many records of blue whale ship strikes in the Atlantic Ocean. The blue whale's long and slender body can be various shades of grayish-blue dorsally and somewhat lighter underneath. [182], Blue whales maximize the intake of energy by increasing the number of lunges they make during a dive while targeting dense krill patches. Whale Features Celebrate Whale Week with Us A message from Donna Wieting, Director of NOAA Fisheries Office of Protected Resources. There are regular reports of much faster migration speeds and rapid sustained bursts of speeds; notably their swimming speeds were too fast for whalers until the modern era of whaling introduced steam-powered boats and explosive-tipped harpoons. [174] This allows them to engulf a large volume of krill-laden water,[175][176][177] up to 220 tons of water at one time. Years ago I saw a juvenile Blue Whale on an offshore trip. [179] Energetic models have estimated that the daily prey biomass requirement for an average-sized blue whale is 1,120 ± 359 kg krill. In the Pacific, small blue whale populations can be seen around the Korean Peninsula, in the coastal waters of the Sea of Japan, and off Kushiro. Laist et al. [293][294][295] In the western North Atlantic, there were an estimated 1,100–1,500 prior to modern whaling,[293][294] and in the eastern North Atlantic, estimates range from a "few thousand" to 10,000 blue whales in the Denmark Strait and 2,500 from northern Norway. [43][44][45], The distributions of the five subspecies of blue whale are outlined below. [74][245], At least seven blue whale song types have been shifting linearly downward in tonal frequency over time, though at different rates.[246][247][248]. The recordings were made over 10 years by devices moored to the seafloor at nearly 300 locations from the Caribbean Sea to western Greenland. A fin whale in waters off Pico Island, in the Azores, Atlantic Ocean. The characteristics of specific call types vary with respect to fundamental frequency, bandwidth, and duration, among others. Shares . Antarctic subspecies (B. m. intermedia): Acoustic recordings indicate that this population is distributed around Antarctica and south of the Antarctic Convergence Zone in the summer, and then move into mid- and low-latitude habitats in fall and winter. Welcome to Atlantic Whales, an on-line catalogue of whale sightings in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. [250], Blue whales were referred to as 'Sibbald's rorqual', after Robert Sibbald, who first described the species. Hybridization between blue and fin whales has been documented across multiple ocean basins. In the animation, the animal looks hectic as it moves between traffic. The blue whale has a global distribution, being found in the Arctic Sea, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean Advertisement Share or comment on this article: In the North Atlantic, blue whales can be seen in the Gulf of St. Lawrence June through September, especially in the Saguenay–St. Blue whales were nearly hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries by commercial whalers until the International Whaling Commission banned the taking of blue whales in 1967. They have found that four of the six baleen whale species found in the western North Atlantic Ocean — humpback, sei, fin and blue whales — have changed their distribution patterns in the past decade. The blue whale diet consists almost exclusively of euphausiids (krill). Blue whales were nearly hunted to extinction in the 19th and 20th centuries by commercial whalers until the International Whaling Commission banned the taking of blue whales in 1967. Mounted blue whale skeletons can be found in the following:[30], Skulls are additionally kept in the Paris Museum of Paleontology (France),[39] Van Thuy Tu Temple (Phan Tiet City, Vietnam),[citation needed] and the Regional Museum of Ancud (Chile). A fin whale in waters off Pico Island, in the Azores, Atlantic Ocean. Scientists have identified three unique subspecies of the blue whale which live in different oceans, including the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Antartic Ocean, and Indian Ocean. They also occur between Baffin Island and Greenland. This population produces long-duration, low frequency pulses ("A") and tonal calls ("B"), upswept tones that precede type B calls ("C"), moderate-duration downswept tones ("D"), and variable amplitude-modulated and frequency-modulated sounds. They have also produced educational materials for public outreach and education on blue whales and other marine mammals. [93][95], Northern Indian Ocean subspecies (B. m. indica): Although its taxonomic status is in flux, historical catches were taken from waters off Somalia and southern Arabia from May–October, and they are thought to then disperse to the east coast of Sri Lanka, west of the Maldives, the Indus Canyon, and the southern Indian Ocean in December–March. However, it is thought that these whales should be split into eastern and western North Atlantic populations[62][268][269] based on photo-identification data. [54][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][136] Antarctic blue whale calls have been acoustically detected in the Eastern Tropical Pacific in May–September. A single whale can consume as much as four tonnes in a day. Around the Azores, the best chance to see blue whales is February to March. Scientists have identified three unique subspecies of the blue whale which live in different oceans, including the Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Antartic Ocean, and Indian Ocean. With a potential life span between 70 and 80 years, blue whales reach sexual maturity between 6 and 10 years of age and reproduce every two or three years. [16] The Discovery Committee reported lengths up to 102 ft (31.1 m);[17] however, the longest scientifically measured (i.e., from rostrum tip to tail notch) individual blue whale was 98 ft (29.9 m). [305] The minimum pre-exploitation abundance was estimated at 1,500–5,000. These acoustic and sightings data will be used to model blue whale critical habitat in this region. Blue whales can also be found in the North Atlantic Ocean, in the waters near Greenland, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. Lagerquist et al. Photo credit: Gary TaylorSource: DFO, Newfoundland and Labrador Region. 4. [85][86][87][88][89] Acoustic data indicate that they are distributed in the sub-Antarctic waters of the southern Indian Ocean in summer and fall, including near the Crozet Islands and Amsterdam Island. NOAA Fisheries mobilized a team of large whale disentanglement experts, in coordination with partners from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Blue World Research Institute, Marine Resource Council and Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute. Antarctic males averaged 112 tons (224,000 lb) and females 130 tons (260,000 lb). [303], The Chilean blue whale is found in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, especially the Chiloé-Corcovado region,[21][103] and lower latitude areas including Peru, the Galapagos Islands and the southern portions of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The third population, the western North Atlantic population, is the only population currently recognized in the North Atlantic. Learn more about this sea mammal with our North Atlantic Right Whale fact guide. Blue whale milk is roughly (g/100 g) 45–48 water, 39–41 fat, 11–12 protein, 7.4 carbohydrates and 1.3 sugar,[207][208] thus containing 12 times more fat than whole milk from cows. [210] The first video of a calf thought to be nursing was filmed in New Zealand in 2016. [228][229][230][231] Their vocalizations are also predominantly low frequency; thus, their hearing is presumably best at detecting those frequency ranges. 2006, Sama-ran et al. Stock Footage of Blue whale underwater in Atlantic ocean, wildlife shot. Learn more about this sea mammal with our North Atlantic Right Whale fact guide. [186][187], With the exception of diatoms (Cocconeis ceticola), which can create a yellowish sheen on individuals, and remoras (which feed on sloughed skin), external parasites and epibiotics are rare on blue whales. Blue whales are formally classified as endangered under the Endangered Species Act[386] and considered depleted and strategic under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. [285] The global blue whale population abundance is estimated to be 10,000–25,000 blue whales, roughly 3–11% of the population size estimated in 1911. [29] In pygmy blue whales, one corpus albicans is formed every 2.6 years on average,[28] which matches the two- to three-year interval between calves. It has a smallish dorsal fin and pointed pectoral flippers. Northern Indian Ocean blue whales may be separated into one or more populations as songs are collected from more areas in this region. 58. Sightings in the Gulf of St. Lawrence peak late August-early September[129] and tagging suggests they migrate as far south as the Mid-Atlantic Bight coastal from Delaware to North Carolina and South Carolina. The total number of blue whales in the Northwest Atlantic population is unknown, but it is estimated that it does not exceed 250 adults. Check out whale features and videos below and stay tuned for more new content throughout the week! [86][141], Pygmy subspecies (B. m. brevicauda) – Madagascar population: This population is found off the Seychelles and Amirante Islands, through the Mozambique Channel to the Crozet Islands and Prince Edward Islands in the spring and summer, with a nearly continuous distribution in sub-Antarctic waters in the Indian Ocean in the summer. [5][19] Hydrodynamic models suggest that a blue whale could not exceed 108 ft (33 m) due to metabolic and energy constraints. In the North Pacific, blue whales can be seen in large numbers in Monterey Bay, CA from July through October. The purpose of this site is to collect scientifically useful information about this region's whales so this data is available to researchers — and whale enthusiasts — around the world. Despite having the greatest haplotype diversity of any subspecies,[270] the Antarctic subspecies of blue whales is recognized as one stock for management purposes. Blue whale also displayed a high degree of genetic variability (i.e., heterozygosity).[263]. Blue whales may accidentally eat small fish that happen to be in the swarms of krill (although this is rare). [57][58][60][61] Acoustic data suggests that some individuals may remain on their feeding grounds year-round.[55][56][127]. This study also found significant gene flow between minke whales and the ancestors of the blue and sei whale. Whales are an important indicator of oceanic health. [272] Although the Western Australia/Indonesia population and the Eastern Australia/New Zealand population are morphologically similar and not genetically separated,[273] there are no photograph-identification matches between the two populations,[274] and mitochondrial DNA haplotype frequencies suggest a high degree of genetic isolation of the New Zealand population. [28] Pregnant females gain roughly 4% of their body weight daily,[203] amounting to 60% of their overall body weight throughout summer foraging periods. [134] The most recent estimate is between 1,000 and 2,000[297] off the east coast of Greenland, Denmark Strait, Iceland, Jan Mayen, Faroe Islands, west coast of Ireland, and north of the United Kingdom. Molecular analyses of the whale showed that it was a hybrid between a female blue whale and a male fin whale, and that the fetus had a blue whale father. [161][162][163] However, this has not been confirmed by recent observations or fecal samples. Credit... Blue Planet Archive, via Alamy. Northern subspecies (B. m. musculus) – North Atlantic population: Little is known about the winter distribution and migration patterns of this population in the North Atlantic. [216] DNA tests done in Iceland of a blue whale killed July 7, 2018 by the Icelandic whaling company Hvalur hf, found that the whale was a hybrid of a fin whale father and a blue whale mother;[217] however, the results are pending independent testing and verification of the samples. The Blue whale is a rorqual whale—one of a group that has expanding grooves in the skin of the neck; these allow it to take in huge volumes of water while feeding. [88][146][302] The estimate of pygmy blue whale off New Zealand from mark-recapture data is 718 (95% CI=279-1926, SD=433). [130] In the Eastern North Atlantic, blue whales have been documented south of the Azores[131] and off northwest Africa in the winter,[132] in the Azores in late spring,[133] and in Iceland in the summer. The greatest dive depth reported from tagged blue whales was 315 meters. [17], Using the number of earwax lamina deposited in the earplug and development of sexual organs from dead whales,[59] it has been determined blue whales reach sexual maturity at about 10 years old and at an average length of 23.5 m for female Antarctic blue whales. The mechanism behind modern whale migration is debated. Acoustic monitoring during migrations of Australian pygmy whales in the southeastern Indian Ocean resulted in an estimate of 660–1,750 whales. Trouvez les Blue Whales images et les photos d’actualités parfaites sur Getty Images. [204], For Antarctic blue whales, a single calf is born at 23 ft (7 m) in length and weighs 2.8-3 tons (2540–2722 kg). Reaching lengths of at least 110 feet (33 meters) and weights of 209 tons (190 tonnes), these animals are only slightly smaller than the United States Space Shuttle. [21][101][22], Blue whales exhibit no well-defined social structure[194] other than mother-calf bonds from birth until weaning. [43][98][275] Evidence includes a breeding season asynchronous with Southern Hemisphere blue whales,[99] a distinct Sri Lanka call type,[77][149] a slightly smaller total length at maturity,[101] and potential year-round residency. [15][114] There is a 6–8 month weaning period until the calf is 53 ft (16 m) in length.[15][5][114][189][200][205][206]. [18][67][296] A summer shipboard survey in 1987 resulted in a maximum estimate of 442 blue whales off Iceland. [15][189] As a traveling pair, a male blue whale typically trails a female,[168][197] and is generally successful at repelling an intruder male after a short and vigorous battle. The Antarctic Ocean was the location for a large number of blue whales.
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